Syntax

Comments and blocks

• Comments: // to end of line.
• Blocks: { } — indentation is never significant, so evaluating a selected snippet is always safe.

Bindings and names

• Bindings: no keyword. name = expr creates or rebinds a local; reads see the most recent binding above them.
• Destructuring: [l, r] = src.
• Rebinding is not feedback: sig = sig.lpf(...) rebinds the name. Feedback is always explicit with prev(sig).
• Unbound names are compile errors; bindings that are never read produce warnings.
• No shadowing globals: a local cannot share a name with a bus, instrument, track, sample, or other top-level declaration.
• Private names: top-level names starting with _ are private to their module.

Calls and chaining

• Named arguments by default. An obvious first argument may be positional: osc(saw, freq).
• UFCS: x.f(a) is f(x, a). Opcodes stay freestanding; the dot is left-to-right wiring.
• Paren-less calls only after a dot: sig.ifft, riff.reverse. A bare name is a reference, never a call.
• After a dot, resolution order is: field on the value’s type, then unit, then opcode. Ambiguity is an error.
• Line continuation: a line starting with . continues the previous expression.
• No bit-shift operators: use shl(x, n) and shr(x, n).

Buses and out

• Buses are written only with +=.
• out is the one name that also allows =.

Implicit names

The language has exactly two implicit names: out and it.

• out: instrument, opcode, or fn result (see Instruments).
• it: the current value in a one-argument context (e.g. split, anonymous fn, pattern transforms).

Control flow

• if / else is an expression:

gain = if it.freq < 2khz { 0db } else { -14db }

• for loops run at compile time, building graph structure or score material. There are no unbounded loops on the audio thread.

instr organ(freq: hz) {
  for n in 1..8 {
    out += osc(sine, freq * n).gain(-3db * n)
  }
}